Unit+6

=**WWI**=

war started w/ assassination of franz ferdinand by serbian guy, from austro-hungarian alliance. this led to a conflict between the two alliances. a few weeks later, there are dozens of countries at war with each other'

the U.S. had made a pledge to remain "neutral", but more leaned towards supporting Britain. most Americans saw this as of no concern. however, it wasn't none of their concern because there was an interest in gaining/manufacturing weapons + gaining power overseas. at first they planned to sell weapons to "everyone", but their ties to Britain and France made it a "biased neutrality".

germany, seen as a main antagonist of both world wars, drew America into WWI w/ its submarine warfare.

__U.S. Steps to Joining WWI__ 1.) neutrality 2.) America had economic ties to Britain, thus its neutrality became biased 3.) German unrestricted submarine warfare 4.) president Wilson fabricated a justification to the war, selling it as a "vehicle" for constructing a new world order based on several ideals originating from American reform movements 5.) Zimmermann telegram, from Germany to Mexico to persuade Mexico to attack U.S. to keep the country busy, leaks //"going to affect pretty much all we cover from here on"// __Characteristics of post-WWI America__
 * Lusitania
 * Sussex
 * recession
 * return to "normalcy"
 * antiradicalism (Palmer raids, Sacco and Vanzetti)
 * Red scare
 * improved status for women
 * no improved status for blacks

**Ch. 24 Preview**
"The New Era" (The Roaring Twenties) "excitement!" "influential!" "busy!" "crowds!"
 * affluence (wealthy, prosperous)
 * conservatism (maintaining traditional values/preserving status quo)
 * cultural frivolity (carefree, exciting, experimental)

The 1920's had a lot of ~tension~ in it, between older, more traditional folks, and younger, more liberal Americans. 1919: Eighteenth Amendment passed, outlawing sale + distribution of alcohol. 1920's is a decade of Prohibition; simultaneously, is an era of illegal activity. 1920: Nineteenth Amendment gave women right to vote in any election EVERYWHERE. parties, dancing, music, independence, focus on domestic issues! prosperity! America was a big consumerist nation there was an upslope, until 1929, when the GREAT BIG DEPRESSION comes crashing down, with the stock market, banks, the American economy, and the world economy

//self-made man//: the idea of someone who, by their own hard work and talent, makes themselves successful, not born into wealth or gaining inheritance the idea of the self-made man hit a decline in the 1920's as more emphasis was placed on education, which was more readily available, and professionalism, which was becoming more revered in society, for success

Examples of "self-made men" made famous that symbolized new era (while actually from the previous era): these people were symbols of the modern age, but were products of the previous age - Thomas Edison - Henry Ford - Charles Lindbergh

- cinema technology emerged from England and France, but films themselves have been dominated by the U.S. this is due to the U.S. realizing the commercial potential of films and creating a whole industry to seize that potential - some countries were troubled by many American films, and created similar, rivaling characters to entertain in ways consistent with that country's government ideals, or were banned (Nazi-occupied France) - WWI greatly weakened Europe's film industry, which in turn gave America more power for their industry. at one point in time, half of the theatres in the world were in America. movies were America's most influential cultural export - some countries have their own cinema industry and market (India's "Bollywood" comes to mind) - cinema has had many different types of films: - now, filmmaking is a globalized industry; Hollywood is still a leading presence in world cinema, but it is now a community whose branches reach worldround __Mary's Notes on Dance Halls:__ - urban activities in the 20's - young, working class people - heavily featured jazz music - bars were outlawed, but dance halls were not - some claimed dancing was too sensual; a "moral ruin" - bootleg liquor and drugs could be obtained in dance halls - "lewd" activities, including prostitution - segregation; races would stick together - escaping inhibitions of traditions
 * __AMERICA IN THE WORLD:__ THE CINEMA**
 * British film industry, known for originality and quality
 * French "new wave", from late 50's to 60's, which was highly inventive and individualistic
 * Asian cinema, known for its gritty realism in the form of its samurai epics (Seven Samurai, Rashomon, Harakiri)
 * Germany, Italy, Sweden, Holland, Japan, Australia, and India all had great influence on the "independent film" movement in the U.S.

__social changes during the 1920's__

 * radio
 * movies/films/cinema
 * entertainment lifestyles (dancehalls, etc.)
 * harlem renaissance
 * women's rights

=//Chapter 25 preview:// THE GREAT DEPRESSION=
 * what caused the Great Depression (or GP), what occured right before the stock market crash, and the consequences of it
 * the state of America during the GP (unemployment, discrimination, immigration, etc.)
 * what the GP did to American culture (movies, cartoons, novels, radio)

The Great Depression never came out of nowhere, it emerged from a bust as part of the boom and bust factor of a capitalist society. There are many things that caused the bust to turn into a depression.

- in the wake of the stock market boom, brokerage firms began encouraging mania over it by recklessly offering easy credit - the American economy was excessively dependent on a few basic industries such as the construction and automobile industries - maldistribution of power; too little profits going to workers; small percentage making most of money; if Americans can't make enough money to buy things, THEY WILL NOT BUY THINGS - capital investment had created more plant space than could profitably be used - nation's biggest banks were investing recklessly in the stock market and making unwise loans; were handing out too high of a percentage of their assets - foreign demand for American goods declined due to the international debt structure that resulted from WWI - farmers and small businessmen were in debt - people were overspeculating the stock market due; people tried to sell their stocks before the stock market crashed; once stock market crashed, people started panicking

__**HERBIE HOOVER**__
before the Great Depression, he was a well-respected man, universally understood. was elected in 1929 as a Republican first president born west of the Mississippi graduated from Stanford, formed a mining company and became a millionaire; he was a "self-made man" "the only trouble with capitalism are capitalists; they're too greedy"; he believed in hands off, lez e faire capitalism, thought he could push the capitalists to do things more voluntarily was a workaholic the Depression started, and Hoover became discouraged, along with the American people, who came to view Hoover and his supposed "passiveness" towards them in a very negative, sometimes comical, light The Bonus Army, WWI veterans asking for a bonus from fighting the war demanding they get it earlier than they were supposed to (1945) and started riots, was the "final nail" in Hoover's presidency; FDR later remarked it won him the presidency

Hawley-Smoot Tariff - Hoover attempted to protect American farmers from international cfompetition by raising agricultural tariffs; to limit international imports; basically, to get Americans to buy more American goods. Immediately, European countries started tariffs on American goods, and the international trade market slowed down even more. Essentially, this was a BIG HUGE MISTAKE by the Hoover Administration

=**CHAPTER 26**= __Opening Page:__ preview: - bank holiday" - when, for four days, all banks were closed so Congress could meet about banking reform - agricultural adjustment administration (AAA): generally handled what would be going on with farmers and their surpluses, and how much their prices would be sold for; did not pass Congress, however - public works: vast network of public works in almost all areas of the country, as part of the New Deal to try and create new jobs for Americans - several acts regarding currency, banks, and the stock market
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president for FOUR terms. during this time, he really did a number on the governmetnt and its relationship to society
 * //THE NEW DEAL//: created the foundations of the federal welfare system, extended reguation of economy, made government major force in agriculture, created social security project, generally expanded the role of the government farther than anyone had done before
 * the New Deal did not end the Great Depression; did not provide a recovery; it provided some aid, recovery, reform, but did not return things to the way they were before the Depression
 * the Roosevelt administration was extremely successful
 * when WWII came around, the Great Depression ended, but so did most of the initiatives of the New Deal

in the 1930's, it was widely assumed that lassiez-faire capitalism was proving a faulty system and was going to implode. In his first days in office, Roosevelt held a "bank holiday" - 4 days where all banks were closed to stop withdrawals; in Washington, politicians and bankers came together to negotiate a reform bill for banks. Roosevelt presented the bill to Congress and informed the American public that their money was safe. Roosevelt was already demonstrating the difference between him and Hoover, with the bill and calling Congress into session early. In Roosevelt's cabinet included Francis Perkins: the first woman in the president's cabinet. Both houses in Congress had a democratic majority, meaning Roosevelt could easily pass new laws and legislations. FDR's 100 days was three months of Roosevelt being in office passing legislation after legislation; all presidents are now judged by their first 100 days in office, due to how much Roosevelt got done in his first 100 days.

Roosevelt's top two priorities were jobs and the agricultural sector. He passed the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) - paying farmers to grow less products, so prices can be properly adjusted and kept high. While blacks were equally unemployed, even more so than white farmers, yet the New Deal did not address racial issues. The acts did restore some stability to agriculture in America. He also enacted the CCC (Civilian C Corp) where hundreds of thousands of citizens from the city were given jobs in rural areas to help out. The National Industrial Recovery Act put federal controls on American business, AKA a "planned economy" - maybe communist, maybe a socialist, maybe a facist economy, but definitely not a capitalist economy. The government enacted a big propaganda campaign for the new programs - including parades, movies, and posters.

**the BROKER STATE**
a stock broker is the middleman between a citizen and the stock market. the broker state is when the government took on a role of "changing" capitalism to decide what groups + programs would recieve more federal funding. Basically, the government became a stock broker and oversaw the economy and the stock market; it became much more active in society. It oversaw what organizations would recieve funding and programs from the government to aid them (mostly nonprofit organizations)