Unit+1

The Chesapeake Region


originating from the Algonquian word "chesepiooc" meaning "village at a big river"

The Chesapeake region, the area surrounding the Chesapeake Bay, from 1607-1750 consisted of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. The area was a low, swampy region, surrounded by thick woods. In 1607, when the English first settled there, it was under the control of powerful local native Americans. The area was bad for planting crops and several settlers became sick due to the disease in the region.

The first colony formed was Virginia, by a London company and named after the "virgin" queen. The Maryland colony was formed Lord Baltimore and the Calverts, and named after Queen Mary. The area in between was Fairfax Proprietary.

the area led to cultivation of one of the British settlement's biggest crops, tobacco, as the primary reasons for settling were economic. Eventually, while initially disasterous, the colonies flourished. Today the area is known for its political importance, as our nation's capital is located in the region.

Anne Hutchinson & the Puritans
Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan woman who lived in Massachusetts Bay. She was a devout religious radical and believed that unless you had undergone a conversion experience, you had no right to spiritual office. She also openly challenged authority figures in her region, striving for religious and feminist freedom. This made her a figure of controversy, as she gained a large female following, while also striking confusion and anger into leadership. She was eventually banished from Massachusetts, and moved to Roger Williams' Rhode Island, a more accepting and forward-thinking colony.

__Chapter 3 is:__ -by the end of the 1600's, there were over 250,000 settlers, 25% of which were Africans. -60% of white inhabitants in 1650 were male -1/4 children died in infancy -half died before the age of twenty -only a 1/3 of all marriages lasted over 10 years -men who survived infancy lived to an average age of 71 -women who survived infancy lived to an average age of 70 -the average family raised 6-8 children to maturity -in Chesapeake, 3/4 of all children lost a parent before the age of 21 -commerce was responsible for forced immigration of as many as 11 million Africans to the new world -one in ten of the residents of the colonies were African (an estimated 25,000 in total) -between 1700 and 1760 the number of Africans in the colonies increased tenfold to about a quarter of a million -in 1700, the non-Indian population of the colonies totaled less than 250,00, by 1775 it was over 2 million


 * Birth & Death Rate Factors:**
 * **r**atio of male to female populations (gender balance)
 * lack of medical advancements
 * unusual fertility
 * longer life spans
 * environment (cleaner resources, lack of disease, adequate or cramped living spaces)
 * natural disasters
 * being hit with a car
 * tax redemption
 * suicide
 * sexual liberation
 * government policy
 * abortion (rates, legality)
 * poverty
 * natural increases
 * religion/religious practices

Social hierarchy was the ability to move up the social hierarchy. In colonial times, there was much land and little amounts of people. With more land came more oppertunities for the few people who did inhabit it, and using the opportunities made them more successful, thus moving them up the social ladder. Today, there is no social mobility like there was in colonial times, due to the capitalistic economy of America, and all of the land being already settled years before. There are no "free" opportunities in the world today, free of consequences and free of competition.
 * Social Mobility**

[|Ch. 3 Questions 3-6]

media type="custom" key="7004567"

The French and Indian War was techincally considered the Seven Years War in all non-British areas of the world. It actually lasted nine years. In America it was a struggle between France and England for naval power and global power in trade. France teamed up with the Iroquois Confederacy, who had a grudge against the colonists and England for stealing land from them. England claimed land from France, namely what is now known as Canada. In 1763 the Peace of Paris was signed, in which France surrendered all title to the mainland of North America. After the war, England was in a massive debt, and began to tax the colonies to help ease this.
 * French and Indian War**

Map pg. 111

North America in 1763 was primarily either unexplored, or claimed by England or Spain. England controlled the entire East Coast, while Spain controlled all of what is now Mexico and midwest America. British established Proclamation of 1763 which limited the colonists' westward expansion, for the sake of the Indians. Hudson Bay Co. had great deal of land control.

media type="custom" key="7032191" width="169" height="169" This Wordle generated the most used words and phrases in the Declaration of Independence. The words that appeared the most include "people", "government", "rights", and "laws". The DOI was a document telling England that the colonists were declaring their independence from them, and creating a new, better government for the people. Since the document was mostly about these things, it makes sense that the most common words that appear in the text are "people", "government", "laws", "rights", "states", "independent", etc. because these are the subjects that the writers make known the most that they are the most important in context of the document. Judging from the Wordle, the document was declaring that America was declaring independence and making a new government for the good and the rights of the people.

media type="custom" key="7045445" width="170" height="170" Republicanism assumptions differed from what it actually was in history. While republicans assumed that in their government power would come solely from the people, that would mean that all of its citizens would have to have civic independent virtues. This is not what the case was, as as America's population grew, the social classes changed, and not all of its citizens were able to be completely civic and independent. Another was the case of how "all people are created equal." The republican belief was that all people were equal and had an equal chance of success in the country. However, not everybody was equal at all, for there was ongoing slavery in the country of blacks. In addition, most people who were born poor most often remained poor for the rest of their lives, and continued their poverty into other generations.
 * Assumptions of Republicanism Pg 149**
 * power came from the people
 * all people are created equal
 * innate talents and energies of individuals would determine their roles in society
 * no equality of condition, but equality of opportunity

media type="custom" key="7057417" Centralized powers are generally national, while decentralized powers are federal. Examples could be national governments versus state governments. They both have power, but over separate things. In America, each state has its own government that controls the state it governs. It can create state laws, Centralized government has control over a collective of states, meaning it has the authority to govern every state, but in a less direct way. A centralized government more or less acts for the good of the collective of states, leaving the individual federal governments for their own states. This is effective because each state has a government to govern and recognize its own individual problems, so the centralized government can focus on national issues. Examples of centralized powers: examples of decentralized powers:
 * Thoughts on centralization or decentralization of power:**
 * monentary issues
 * militia
 * establishing buildings of executive branch (post office, police office)
 * declaring war
 * dictator/king
 * establishing public schools
 * health care
 * democracy
 * legal ages

State governments should have more power over education systems than national governments; each state has its own differing geographic location that effects its public schools (ex. Montana is more rural and peaceful as opposed to the urban hostile environment of Brooklyn ZOO) thus each school's needs are different.

Centralized/Decentralized government in relation to Northwest Ordinance and Shays's Rebellion:
 * Daniel Shays was a farmer who demanded that centralized power should pay more attention to the individual's problem