Unit+3

=**The Growth of Cotton Farming, Slavery, & Plantations**=

__Cotton Industry__
As the tobacco economy declined due to inconsistent cultivation, the South needed a new flagship crop. Enter SHORT-STAPLE COTTON, a hardier and coarser strain of cotton that would grow in a variety of climates and multitudes of soils. Combined with the ever-increasing demand for the product, from textile mills in the North and Britain, cotton soon became the "centerpiece" of the South, attracting people from all over to uncultivated lands, hoping to cash in on the cotton boom. The cotton industry soon would pull in $200 million dollars a year for the South.

Slavery
Slavery was described as a "peculiar institution" in the South; it was a unique prospect in Southern United States that couldn't be found anywhere else, and they meant that in the best way possible. - slaves were isolated from whites, thus formed their own culture - laws prohibited slaves from disobeying masters/planning revolts, but masters killing slaves was not considered crime

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Antebellum Culture and Reform
 * __Chapter 12 Preview__**

antebellum: before war (in this case it is the 30-40 years before the Civil War)

- Shaker communities attracted about 6000 members in the 1840's, more women than men - art had big impact: painting often depicted romanticism and nationalism - books: moby dick, leaves of grass, edgar allen poe - transcendentalism movement:

__pros:__
 * __temperance movement: pros and cons of alcohol assumption__**
 * tastes good
 * entertainment
 * surplus of grain
 * makes the pain go away
 * wasn't an item of wealth, so anyone could buy it

__cons:__ I believe that alcohol is an item of more negative associations than positive ones. However, I don't believe it CAN be outlawed, thus I don't believe it SHOULD be outlawed. Alcohol is a very large economic trade item, and to completely make it illegal would prove very harmful to the economy. Also, with the outlaw of alcohol and alcoholic products, as seen in the prohibition era, would be the underground market for the stuff. Outlawing alcohol would prove more dangerous, as it would be considered an illegal product, like marijuana, and thus people would go to greater, more drastic lengths to obtain it. Alchohol is a product that people can become very dependent on, and while it IS an item of negative associations, it would be more dangerous to outlaw it. If I were in charge of laws regarding alcohol and the sale of alcoholic products, I would keep it the way it is. The sale of alcohol to anyone over the age of 21 with an accompanying I.D. is a good foundation for a more safe thing. In 1919, the 18th amendment was passed, which outlawed alcohol production + distribution (prohibition) in 1933, the 21st amendment repealed 18th amendment temperance - moderation of alcohol use men were getting drunk, spending family money and beating wives and kids an artist's views on man drinking alcoholic products: what starts as a man only lightly drinking "ascends" to casual drinking with friends and slowly becomes a "confirmed drunkard," drinking copious amounts of liquor and other alcoholic drinks with friends. From there the man descends the stairs as his life worsens; the man becomes striken with poverty and disease, forsaken by his friends with whom he originally started drinking with, and resorts to crime to get the alcohol on which he has become dependent before finally taking his own life. Below the stairs are a woman and small child, seemingly upset with who the man has become. The artist's intent is to show how any ordinary man, rich or poor, can climb and descend the stairs.
 * destructive to body and mind
 * promotes violence
 * incoherent thinking/decision making
 * waste of money + time
 * "tastes like a rock" - mary carrozza (only beer)
 * The Drunkard's Progress**

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__**Chapter 13 MAPS**__ - compromise of 1850 did away (nullified) with Missouri Compromise line because slavery was above that line - south carolina in 1850, 58% of population was slaves - compromise of 1850 made Utah and New Mexico territories popularly sovereign; was intended to be democratic, became problematic
 * pg. 340 - expanding settlement. 1810-1850**
 * - before 1810 white settlement was primarily to Eastern America, and in the rare occassion farther out towards the midwest. this showed the white settlers' relative newnesss to the country and anxiety over leaving the east coast**
 * - small pockets of land towards the mid west were settled from 1810-1830, showing gradual movement westward but not a large movement**
 * - from 1830-1850, white settlers continued to go west, with large portions of land being settled in the mid west, and even some smaller settlements (compared to the large white settlements on the east coast) on the west coast**
 * pg. 345 - Western Trails in 1860**
 * - many trails led towards California, maybe due to the gold rush, or the easily-cultivated land. many trails also led to the Southwest**
 * - not many trails led to the North**
 * - several trails were alongside rivers**
 * pg. 347 - The Oregon Boundary, 1846**
 * - migration led to areas occupied by Great Britain and the U.S., one particular area came into dispute over who would occupy it**
 * - area was between American settlement and British settlement; Britain probably settled it first and Americans came and later**
 * pg. 354 - slave and free territories under the compromise of 1850**

//__2010 DBQ:"__//
Document A: "A Modell of Christian Chairity" -- Puritan leader John Winthrop, in A Modell of Christian Charity, states that the Puritan community must share all aspects of life, whether it be the positive or the negative, for that would make for a better community and, ultimately, a better Puritan legacy.

Document B: TOWN MAP, COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND -- Judging from a Map of a Colonial New England Town, where individually-owned farms were located around the town center of the church, school, and town hall, a typical Puritan town wasn't bustling with interactivity, aside from in the town square.

Document C: "The Enlarged Salem Covenant of 1636" -- Puritans dedicated their whole lives to God, promising to teach their "children and servents the knowledge of God and of His Will", and even the Indians, "whose good [they] desire to promote", trying to do as much as possible to spread their ideals and values.

Document D: "William Bradford, after the colonists' attack on the Pequot Mystic River village, 1637" -- Puritans even resorted to violence to spread Puritan values, setting fire to the Pequot Mystic River village and slaughtering the Indian population there, for failing to accept their God.

Document E: "a statement about education in New England, 1643" -- Education was decently regarded in the Puritan community, "dreading to leave an illiterate Ministery to the Churches". This was mostly to ensure that future generations could carry on the Puritan values and the Puritan legacy the previous generation worked hard to create.

Document F: "A Plea for Religious Liberty" -- The Puritan lifestyle, with its restrictions on the way people lived their lives, was not without their detractors; Roger Williams, in his Plea for Religious Liberty, stated that God did not require a uniform religion to be practiced, only worship of Him and his name, so restricting people on their lives and their beliefs was redundant.

__**Economic Measures in Civil War**__ - National Bank Acts of 1863-1864: existing or new banks could join banking system and issue treasure notes if they were willing to invest 1/3 of capital in government securities - Homestead Act of 1862 - allowed any citizen to purchase "160 acres of public land" after occupation of 5 years - Merrill Land Grant Act of 1862: transferred public acreage to state governments who would sell land and use proceeds to fund public education - Financing the War: government levied taxes, issued paper currency ("greenbacks"), and borrowing money from the American people and selling war bonds

__Perspectives on the Civil War__

 * Lincoln:** the Civil War was not a war at all, but just a "domestic insurection"; he did not recognize the Confederation as its own country, but rather just states revolt. on a more personal level, Lincoln saw the uprising as a chance to finally abolish slavery, a topic that he has loathed since childhood

 Although a soldier by profession, I have never felt any sort of fondness for war, and I have never advocated it, except as a means of peace. he outwardly denounces the concept of war in which he engages himself and hundreds of thousands of others in, but knows that it is the only opportunity to reunite the Union.
 * Grant:**

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 * Lee:** while Lee fought for the Confederacy, he was amiable towards the North and did not hate them as much as many other southerners did. He believed in the institution of slavery; while it was not morally right, he believed it was integral to the Southern economy and that it was the South's responsibility to rid the U.S. of it.

was the civil war worth it?

 * the Civil War was worth it, even though it did not "gain" anything, but simply restored things to the way they were before the South seceded. it was worth it to preserve the Union, which was fought for against Britain in the Revolutionary War, and was yet to make its greatest achievements, both in the country and the world
 * the conflict between the North and the South over slavery was reaching a boiling point that wouldn't have been dealt with in any way other than complete war; the North was becoming too overbearing and the South was becoming too stubborn and the both of them were becoming too ignorant of the other (the complete difference between the two entities, and a lack of communication between the two did not help)
 * if the Union had not gone down to the South and stopped the Confederate forces, the Confederacy would have continued up the country, and gained enough momentum to completely take over the Union, thus making the Confederate States of America
 * Mary:** wasted effort, created more bitterness between North and South, w/ Reconstruction seen as punishment. however, there was good outcome of war (14th/15th amendments) blacks were still treated as slaves. white superiority and supremacy still reigned, only change occured during war. eventually the north drew forces out of the South and things basically returned to the way things were
 * Justin:** was worth it because it forever ended slavery in the US. Lincoln's "house divided" speech makes a good point, Union couldn't have functioned with the differences between NOrth and South. Compromises wouldn't have worked